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This fist  set of examples introduces the user to the classic way of modelling a unit cell using solid elements and the keyword *EM_RANDLES_SOLID for modelling the Randles circuits. All the components of the cell are modeled by a distinct part in succession (watch for the elements' normals which must be correctly oriented) :

Positive Current Collector - Positive Electrode - Separator - Negative Electrode - Negative Current Collector

Once the current is flowing between the two current collectors, the connections to the tabs are done via the familiar *EM_ISOPOTENTIAL and *EM_ISOPOTENTIAL_CONNECT keywords.

Basic discharge admitting analytical solution : Basic

Adding thermal coupling : Basic_thermal

Adding the effect of SOCshift : Basic_socshift

An example of a simple internal short by adding the keyword *EM_RANDLES_SHORT : Basic_intshort

An example of how an exothermal reaction (thermal runaway) can be added with the keyword *EM_RANDLES_EXOTHERMIC_REACTION : Basic_exothermal

Using the solid element model, while convenient for studies of unit cell behavior, is not practical when applied to the scale of an entire battery cell, let alone module or pack due to time step restrictions and model size. The Thick shell Randles model has been introduced as an alternative. A complete cell can be modeled by using one composite thick shell. The EM will internally rebuilt the different layers for the EM solve based on the user’s input. The keyword is *EM_RANDLES_TSHELL and works in a similar fashion to *EM_RANDLES_SOLID (only the first line is different).

External short example : Tshell_extshort

Internal short example : Tshell_intshort

Cylindrical Battery model : Tshell_cylindrical

In the previous Tshell examples, the mechanics is solved on the composite Tshell, but an underlying solid mesh with all the layers still has to be built to solve the EM and the thermal. While better suited than the solid element model, this still implies very large meshes and hence simulation times when dealing with many cells, modules, packs or a full battery. This  Battery Macro (BatMac) model allows simulating a cell with very few layers of elements (down to one). Two fields exist at each node of the mesh, representing the potential at the positive and negative current collectors. These 2 fields are connected by a Randles circuit at each node. It still is possible to include external and internal shorts. The internal shorts can be locally created depending on local values of different mechanical, thermal or EM parameters. 

Simple Batmac models with Randles circuits order 0, 1, 2 as well as a user defined circuit example reproducing a Randles circuit order 2 : Batmac_circuits

Example showing how *DEFINE_TABLEs can be used to have Randles circuit parameters function of SOC and Temperature : Batmac_table

Batmac model with internal short : Batmac_intshort

Example of Cylindrical Cells with Batmac model : Batmac_cylinder

Example of a nail penetrating multiple cells modeled with Batmac model (Erosion triggers an internal short which, in turn causes a local temperature rise) : Batmac_nail

Finally a meshless model exists which allows to directly connect two isopotential to a Randles circuit via the introduction of the keyword EM_RANDLES_MESHLESS. This is suited in order to study the effects of the circuit parameters on a simple charge/discharge or even for some external short configurations where modelling the individual Randles circuits is not needed and where any thermal effect in the current collectors can be neglected.

Meshless model with external short : Meshless